an onomatopoeic word imitating the fierce burning sound, occurring repeatedly.

designating or having a sharp, often unpleasant taste; bitter.

bitter.

the plant Trichosanthes cucumerina of Cucurbitaceae family.

its bitter fruit.

the plant Terminalia catapa of Combretaceae family; country almond.

the tree Acacia catechu (Mimosa catechu) of Mimosae family; catechu.

the thorny bush Plectronia parviflora (= Canthium parviflorum) of Rubiaceae family.

= ಥಕ.

that which is burnt, esp. any eatable as papad.

cooked rice that is charred (at the bottom of the vessel, from excess heat.

the plant Solanum surattense (= S. xanthocarpum) of Solanaceae family.

its fruit; dwarf wild brinjal.

= ದುಗುದುಗಿ.

uneasiness of the mind caused by grief, anxiety, etc.

the distressing feeling caused by impending danger, dishonour, loss, etc.; fear.